One panel. Eight domains.
1,000+ protein targets.

Serum proteomics of 268 longitudinal samples shows terminal complement dysregulation and thromboinflammation in people with active long COVID up to 12 months.

Serum proteomics in 55 people with PASC identifies an inflammatory subgroup marked by type II interferon and TNF-linked NF-κB signalling pathways.

People with PASC after mostly mild COVID-19 have higher plasma IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF at 8 months, confirmed in a second cohort of 333 people at 10 months.

In ME/CFS of under 3 years' duration, plasma IFN-γ, IL-17A and TNF-α are higher than in 348 controls; these differences are absent in longer illness.

Long COVID patients meeting ME/CFS criteria show higher plasma sCD14, IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1α than recovered controls 12 months after infection.

At 6 months, people with PASC have higher plasma IFN-β and IFN-λ; persistently high IL-6, IL-8 and IP-10 during acute illness raise the risk of PASC.

Eight months after mild COVID-19, long COVID shows persistently high IFN-β and IFN-λ1; IFN-β, PTX3, IFN-γ and IL-6 together classify long COVID with ~80% accuracy.

People who develop PASC have higher TNF-α and IP-10 in early recovery, and IL-6 1.4-fold higher beyond 90 days, compared with those without PASC.

CD8+ T cells specific for SARS-CoV-2, CMV and EBV are more terminally differentiated, exhausted and granzyme B-positive in long COVID, especially in women.

Plasma soluble LAG-3 is higher in people with memory problems 12–18 months after mild COVID-19; soluble CD25 is higher with persistent dyspnoea and fatigue.

IL-2 is higher in plasma extracellular vesicles from ME/CFS cases; GM-CSF and TNF-α levels correlate with worse fatigue and physical symptoms.

Six months after COVID-19, CD8+ T cells in PASC express more PD-1, perforin and granzyme B, with fewer gut-homing β7+ CD8+ T cells in blood.

Over 7 months, people with post-COVID syndrome show more IFN-γ/TNF-secreting SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells, more LAG-3+ regulatory T cells and higher IL-4.

Mast cell activation symptom scores in 136 people with long COVID match those of 80 untreated MCAS patients and exceed those of 136 controls.

Among 51 serum cytokines in 192 ME/CFS patients, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 are among 17 that rise with illness severity; TGF-β is higher than in controls overall.

Blood LPS, LPS-binding protein and sCD14 are higher in 48 ME/CFS patients than 39 controls, suggesting microbial translocation across the gut barrier.

Olink profiling of 1,395 proteins in 171 people finds VEGF-A overexpressed in long COVID, most markedly in postmenopausal women.

Active long COVID shows markers of hemolysis, tissue injury, platelet activation and monocyte-platelet aggregates alongside complement dysregulation.

About 200 of 700 plasma proteins, including VEGF-A, are dysregulated in PASC with and without POTS versus controls at ~18 months; no POTS-specific signature.

In post-COVID ME/CFS, weaker hand-grip strength associates with NT-proBNP, hemoglobin, bilirubin and ferritin; 19 of 42 post-COVID patients meet ME/CFS criteria.

Among 182 plasma proteins, G-CSF, MCP-1, TRAIL and IL-20 are among the best discriminators of long COVID from recovered or naive groups at 6–9 months.

Unresolved inflammation, low serum iron, raised ferritin and stress erythropoiesis beyond two weeks of COVID-19 predict who reports PASC months later.

Among 234 long COVID patients, serum ferritin is higher in the 50 who meet ME/CFS criteria (median 193 vs 98 µg/L), most prominently in women.

G-CSF, GM-CSF and SCF are among 17 of 51 serum cytokines that rise with ME/CFS severity in 192 patients compared with 392 controls.

Plasma NfL is higher in 67 ME/CFS patients than 43 controls and correlates with worse visuospatial and memory scores and parasympathetic dysfunction.

Long COVID patients, especially those with cognitive impairment, show higher plasma sTREM2, IFN-γ and IL-10 together with cortical thickness changes on MRI.

People with long COVID brain fog show blood-brain barrier leakage on MRI and higher serum GFAP than recovered people; S100β is raised in acute COVID-19 with brain fog.

People who later report neurologic PASC have 1.3-fold higher GFAP (not NfL) in early recovery plus higher IL-6 and TNF-α; GFAP is not raised after 90 days.

In 8,668 UK Biobank participants, higher cystatin C, CRP, HbA1c, triglycerides and urate, and lower HDL and IGF-1, associate with self-reported long COVID.

Plasma FGF21 and NT-proBNP are higher in 21 ME/CFS patients than in 20 controls; NT-proBNP correlates with IL-1β and IL-6 in patients.

In 551 hospitalised COVID-19 patients, insulin resistance and altered glucose control are detectable and persist for at least 2 months after recovery.

Across 25 daily blood draws, serum leptin tracks day-to-day fatigue severity in 6 of 10 women with CFS but only 1 of 10 controls (51-plex panel).